International Journal of Advanced Social Studies
International Journal of Advanced Social Studies is an open access double-blind peer-reviewed online journal published by Explore Scholar Publishing Group. Since the world is always changing, it's super important for us to keep up with new trends that affect us all, no matter where we live. This journal is a special place where experts from different fields come together to talk about important issues, share new ideas, and give us new ways to think about things.
Exploring the Role of Social Media Use in Developing Narcissism among Gen-Z Undergraduate Students
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social media use and narcissism among Gen Z. In this study, a quantitative research method was adopted, and 213 students at Government College University were selected through a convenient Sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, in which the intensity of social media use and the level of narcissism were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software, which included descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The regression results showed that social media use is a key factor predicting narcissism. This research indicates that social media can have a significant impact on the psychological attitudes of young people, especially on self-esteem and self-fulfilling tendencies. However, considering the limitations of the research, more extensive and diverse samples need to be investigated to better understand the relationship. The findings have important practical and theoretical implications for academia, psychologists, and policymakers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rashida Tufail, Umair Ahmad, Saba Razzaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: Evidence from South Asia
Entrepreneurship plays a crucial part in driving economic growth by acting as a channel for knowledge spillovers and facilitating the commercialization of new knowledge, which is essential for economic development. This study examines how entrepreneurship affects economic growth by incorporating the role of trade openness (TR), Capital formation (K), and FDI in South Asia over the time frame of 2006-2023. The study utilized the Levin, Lin & Chu and PP unit root tests, as well as OLS, FE model, and RE models. The results from OLS show that entrepreneurship is statistically significant as an independent determinant of economic growth. In addition, trade openness, capital formation, and FDI also contribute to economic growth in this region. The results from FE or RE models support that all of the used economic variables were also found to be significantly correlated with economic growth. This study also encourages Governments to foster entrepreneurship through suitable regulations that promote a business-friendly environment and provide for infrastructure development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tayyab Arshad, Jwairia Amaan, Umer Mukhtar, Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique, Sumaira . (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Green Finance: The Role of FinTech in Promoting Sustainable Investment and Environmental Responsibility
Digital green finance has emerged as a critical mechanism for aligning financial systems with environmental sustainability through the integration of FinTech innovations. This study examined the role of FinTech, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and ESG integration in promoting sustainable investment and environmental responsibility. A quantitative research design was applied, and data were collected from a sample of 400 respondents, including financial professionals, investment managers, and FinTech users. The analysis focused on assessing the impact of digital financial technologies on sustainable investment performance using statistical techniques including regression analysis and model fit evaluation. The results indicated that ESG integration (β = 0.38, p = 0.000) exerted the strongest influence on sustainable investment performance, followed by FinTech adoption (β = 0.31, p = 0.000), blockchain integration (β = 0.27, p = 0.000), and artificial intelligence (β = 0.24, p = 0.001). Model fit indicators confirmed a good fit with Chi-square/df = 2.41, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, and RMSEA = 0.058. Descriptive results showed that ESG integration recorded the highest mean value (4.01), while artificial intelligence showed the lowest mean (3.78). The findings demonstrated that digital financial technologies significantly improved sustainable investment performance by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and environmental accountability. The study concluded that FinTech-driven digital transformation plays a vital role in accelerating green finance adoption and supporting global sustainability goals. It also highlighted the importance of integrating advanced technologies to strengthen ESG-based investment systems and promote long-term environmental responsibility in financial markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayed Besmillah Sultani, Saeed Ahmed, Najia Batool, Shahzad Jamil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Explainable AI–Based Interviews on Organizational Attractiveness: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Organizational Support and Innovativeness
This study examines the impact of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)–based interviews on organizational attractiveness, with perceived organizational support and perceived innovativeness as mediating variables. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from a sample of 302 respondents who had experience with AI-assisted or digital recruitment systems. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze relationships among variables. The findings reveal that explainable AI significantly influences organizational attractiveness (β = 0.44, p < 0.001), perceived organizational support (β = 0.39, p < 0.001), and perceived innovativeness (β = 0.42, p < 0.001). Perceived organizational support (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) and perceived innovativeness (β = 0.28, p < 0.001) both positively affect organizational attractiveness. Mediation analysis confirms that perceived organizational support (indirect effect = 0.12, p < 0.001) and perceived innovativeness (indirect effect = 0.11, p < 0.001) partially mediate the relationship between XAI and organizational attractiveness. The results indicate that transparency in AI-driven recruitment systems enhances applicants’ perceptions of fairness, organizational care, and technological advancement, which collectively improve employer attractiveness. The study contributes to human resource management literature by demonstrating the psychological mechanisms through which explainable AI influences recruitment outcomes. Practical implications suggest that organizations adopting explainable AI can strengthen employer branding and attract high-quality candidates by improving transparency and perceived organizational values in recruitment processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samia Yaseen, Maryam Rao, Shahbaz Ali Shahani, Abdullah Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Project Management Practices and Supply Chain Performance: The Role of Financial Efficiency and Risk Management
This study examined the impact of project management practices on supply chain performance while considering the mediating roles of financial efficiency and risk management. In an increasingly complex business environment, organizations require effective coordination of project activities to improve operational outcomes. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from 312 valid respondents working in manufacturing and logistics organizations in Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling to test direct and indirect relationships among variables. The results revealed that project management practices significantly influenced supply chain performance (β = 0.41, p < 0.001). Financial efficiency showed a positive effect on supply chain performance (β = 0.33, p < 0.001), while risk management also demonstrated a significant impact (β = 0.37, p < 0.001). Financial efficiency mediated the relationship between project management practices and supply chain performance (β = 0.18, p < 0.001). Risk management also acted as a significant mediator (β = 0.21, p < 0.001). The model explained 49% variance in supply chain performance (R² = 0.49), 34% in financial efficiency (R² = 0.34), and 37% in risk management (R² = 0.37). The findings confirmed that integrated project management practices combined with financial efficiency and risk management significantly enhanced supply chain performance. The study contributed to the literature by providing an integrated framework for improving operational effectiveness in supply chain systems. It also offered practical insights for managers to strengthen planning, financial control, and risk mitigation strategies for sustainable performance improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohib ur Rahman, Shahper Attiq, Akbar Ali Rabbani, Mahrukh Shaukat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Credit Risk Shocks and Bank Resilience in Pakistan: Evidence from Dynamic Z-Score and NPL Interactions
The present study investigated the effect of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan by utilizing quarterly data for eighteen listed commercial banks representing 80% of total banking assets during 2010-2022. This research employed Altman Z-score and dynamic panel regression as well as Vector Autoregression (VAR) models to identify the effects of credit risk (Gross Non-Performing Loan Ratio) on bank stability and performance. IRF analysis indicated that a one standard deviation shock to the GNPLR caused an approximate 0.23 decrease in Z-scores within eight quarters, with a peak impact in the second quarter. FEVD analysis determined that variation in the Z-scores accounted for between 12 and 15 percent of the variation in the Z-scores for a two-year forecast horizon. In panel regression results, prudent credit risk management reflected by non-performing loan ratios significantly impacts higher Z-scores, higher ROA, and higher equity to asset ratios. Also, macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth, inflation, and treasury bill rates significantly moderate the impact of credit risk shocks. The study will add to the nascent body of research on banking sector resilience in developing economies and provide pragmatic policy recommendations for banking regulators and commercial banks' management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raza Ali, Jameel Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Digital Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence on Privacy Rights, Freedom of Expression, and Human Rights Accountability
The study examined the impact of digital surveillance and artificial intelligence on privacy rights, freedom of expression, and human rights accountability in digital environments. The rapid expansion of AI-based surveillance systems increased concerns regarding continuous monitoring, data extraction, and algorithmic profiling, which influenced individuals’ digital behavior and perceptions of rights protection. A quantitative research design was applied, and data were collected from a sample of 300 respondents, including students, professionals, and regular digital platform users. A structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale was used, and data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and regression techniques. The results showed that AI-driven surveillance significantly affected privacy rights (β = -0.62, p < 0.001), indicating a strong negative relationship. Freedom of expression was also negatively influenced (β = -0.58, p < 0.001), suggesting that increased surveillance reduced individuals’ willingness to express opinions openly. In addition, human rights accountability showed a significant negative effect (β = -0.54, p < 0.001), reflecting reduced trust in transparency and governance mechanisms. Descriptive findings further revealed moderate to high awareness of surveillance practices (M = 3.89) and concerns regarding privacy protection (M = 3.76). The findings confirmed that AI surveillance systems significantly undermined key human rights dimensions in digital societies. The study concluded that although AI surveillance enhances efficiency and security, it simultaneously poses serious challenges to privacy protection, expressive freedom, and institutional accountability. The research recommended stronger regulatory frameworks and ethical AI governance to mitigate risks associated with surveillance technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Shameel Ahmed Quadri, Tauqeer Abdullah Khan, Tajammul Azam Choudhry, Khizar Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Algorithmic Visibility of Marginalized Voices on Social Media and Its Implications for Democracy in Pakistan
This study examines the impact of algorithm content curation of marginalized voices within Pakistan digital sphere. Employing a quantitative content analysis, by comparing marginalized movements (#AuratMarch and #PTM), political content (Imran Khan), and entertainment content (Pakistani dramas). The findings reveal significant disparities in content visibility, the findings reveal significant disparities in content visibility. The study further highlights platform-specific differences, as TikTok demonstrates substantially higher engagement levels than X across all categories. The study further highlights platform-specific differences, as TikTok demonstrates substantially higher engagement levels than X across all categories. However, both platforms exhibit a similar tendency to prioritize engagement-driven content, often limiting the visibility of socially significant issues. However, both platforms exhibit a similar tendency to prioritize engagement-driven content, often limiting the visibility of socially significant issues. The results suggest that algorithmic content curation plays a crucial role in influencing public discourse and may reinforce existing inequalities in digital visibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nayab ,, Ali Bhadur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GenAI Adoption in Entrepreneurial Education and Digital Entrepreneurial Intention: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of University Entrepreneurial Climate and Attitudes toward Digital Entrepreneurship
This study examines the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) adoption in entrepreneurial education on digital entrepreneurial intention, with attitudes toward digital entrepreneurship as a mediator and university entrepreneurial climate as a moderator. A quantitative research design was employed using a cross-sectional survey of university students (N=412). Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine direct, indirect, and interaction effects. The results revealed that GenAI adoption has a significant positive effect on digital entrepreneurial intention (β = 0.28, p < 0.001). Attitudes toward digital entrepreneurship significantly mediated this relationship, with an indirect effect of β = 0.26 (p < 0.001), indicating partial mediation. The university entrepreneurial climate significantly moderated the relationship between GenAI adoption and entrepreneurial intention (β = 0.15, p < 0.01), suggesting that a supportive institutional environment strengthens the positive impact of GenAI adoption. The overall model explained 58% of the variance in digital entrepreneurial intention (R² = 0.58), demonstrating substantial explanatory power. These findings underscore the importance of integrating advanced AI technologies with supportive educational environments to foster entrepreneurial mindsets among students. This study contributes to the literature by offering a comprehensive moderated mediation framework that explains how technological, psychological, and contextual factors interact to shape digital entrepreneurial intentions. Practical implications are provided for educators and policymakers in designing effective AI-driven entrepreneurial education programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mansoor Ahmed Soomro, Muhammad Amoon Khalid, Abdul Rasheed Mangi, Sana Ullah Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Poverty, Inequality, and Crime: An Empirical Investigation of Pakistan's Urban Crime Dynamics
This study investigated the relationship between poverty, income inequality, unemployment, urbanization, and urban crime in Pakistan over the period 2005–2023. Using secondary data from official sources, including the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and international economic databases, the study employed descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques to examine the effects of socio-economic factors on urban crime. Results indicated that poverty (β = 4.12, p < 0.01) and income inequality (β = 3.85, p < 0.01) were the most significant predictors of crime, while unemployment had a moderate effect (β = 2.14, p < 0.05), and urbanization showed a marginal effect (β = 1.76, p = 0.061). The model explained 63% of the variance in urban crime (R² = 0.63). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between crime and both poverty (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) and income inequality (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), while unemployment and urbanization exhibited weaker correlations. These findings emphasized the critical role of socio-economic deprivation and structural disparities in shaping urban crime dynamics in Pakistan. The study recommended comprehensive poverty alleviation, equitable income distribution, employment generation, and strengthened governance to reduce urban crime. Future research could incorporate qualitative approaches, neighborhood-level analysis, and geospatial methods to deepen understanding and improve crime prevention strategies. The study contributed to criminology literature by providing robust empirical evidence linking poverty, inequality, and urban crime in a developing country context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waseem Saif, Muhammad Zakir, Kaleem Ullah, Khizar Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Analysis of the G7’s Build Back Better World (B3W) Initiative as an Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
The Build Back Better World initiative, launched by G7 leaders, aims to provide a fair and more sustainable alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative for infrastructure development in developing countries. The B3W initiative, supported by the U.S. under President Biden, seeks to revitalize multilateral cooperation and contribute to the $40 trillion needed for infrastructure in lower-income countries by 2035. Although the details of B3W are limited, they are compared with China's BRI strategy, which focuses on trade, investment, and development across multiple countries. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing secondary data sources that include journal articles, data from international organizations, newspapers, and magazines. Data from many sources are gathered and organized into tables to offer coherent evidence supporting the claims. However, Biden’s plan has raised serious concerns. Can this anti-China coalition focus on collective norms to counter China’s influence? Will the launch of the B3W initiative offer an alternative to China’s BRI?
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Atif, Usman Anwar, Ahmad Saeed Chishti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green HRM, Transformational Leadership, and Sustainability Performance in Emerging Market SMEs: The Mediating Role of Pro-environmental Behavior and Circular Economy
Study examined the impact of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and transformational leadership on sustainability performance in SMEs in the manufacturing sector of emerging markets, focusing on the mediating roles of pro-environmental behavior and circular economic practices. The research was grounded in Resource-Based View (RBV) and Social Learning Theory, which explained how organizational capabilities and behavioral learning influenced sustainability outcomes. Quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were collected from SME employees using a structured questionnaire. SPSS v28 and Smart PLS v4 were utilized for descriptive analysis, reliability testing, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed that GHRM (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) and transformational leadership (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) significantly enhanced sustainability performance. Pro-environmental behavior (β = 0.29, p < 0.001) and circular economy (β = 0.27, p < 0.001) were significant mediators, translating organizational strategies into tangible outcomes. The model explained 71% of variance in sustainability performance (R² = 0.71), demonstrating strong explanatory power. Findings highlighted that SMEs could improve environmental, social, and economic outcomes by integrating green HR practices with leadership strategies while promoting employee environmental behavior and circular economy initiatives. This study contributed a theoretically grounded framework combining organizational, behavioral, and strategic perspectives, offering practical implications for managers and policymakers to achieve sustainability in resource-constrained environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Shameel Ahmed Quadri, Sarfraz Ali Malak, Unaiza Ashraf, Muhammad Irfan Syed, Ammar Bin Tariq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of the Real Estate Business Implications for Living Conditions in Urban Pakistan: Mixed Methodology Results
The major objective of this paper is to delineate implications of the real estate business for living conditions in urban Pakistan. Therefore, the three largest cities (Karachi, Lahore & Faisalabad) were selected. A mix methodology was used for data collection & analyses. The qualitative findings/insights revealed that the development & construction rules were not followed by the real estate developers. In several cases, the plots kept for mosque, graveyard or parks were sold out, later. Similarly, the size of roads and green-belts were cut down. The social and political factors were found backing many real estate developers. Many real estate agents had sold the disputed plots to the common citizens. The heavy rains of Monsoon-2025 opened the secret that the infrastructures in the shape of roads, underground-passes, bridges were of poor quality. This has put the residents and other people in difficulties & hardships. This has also caused heavy financial losses to many citizens. Furthermore, urban flooding has damaged the houses, markets, and other facilities. The overflowing rain water of various drains entered in the houses and damaged everything. Several children were injured or drowned in the mid of the year 2025. It was not the quality but, even, availability of the drinking water, drainage & sewerage, gas and electricity that was making public life worst. Again, the street-crimes, security and safety situations had become more damaging & challenging. It is suggested to develop ‘small cities’ with all facilities to reduce pressure on and problems of the large cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hira Ashfaq, Asif Ali, Ashfaq Maan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profitability Analysis of Dates in District Kech, Balochistan
Pakistan ranks seventh among the world’s leading date-producing countries, with Balochistan contributing 53% of national production (225,000 tons from 43.3 thousand hectares). District Kech alone accounts for 59% of the province’s total output. This study assessed the profitability of date cultivation using primary data from 80 farmers in Kech. Major date-producing areas include Turbat and Panjgoor for high-quality dates, while Begum Jangi leads in cultivated area and output, followed by Halini, Hussaini, Goknah, and others. The total cultivation cost was estimated at Rs. 69.9 thousand per acre. Key cost components included land preparation (Rs. 14.8 thousand), orchard establishment (Rs. 19.5 thousand), operational expenses (Rs. 45.8 thousand), and marketing (Rs. 31.8 thousand). Purchase of palm suckers represented the largest share of establishment costs, while transportation dominated marketing expenses. Average yield was 77.3 maunds per hectare, with trees aged 10–20 years being most productive. Washakar fetched the highest market price, followed by Begum Jangi and Konzenabad, whereas Halini was mainly used for producing hydrated dates (Chhuhara). Net returns were Rs. 13.7 thousand per acre, with a cost–benefit ratio of 1:2.98, indicating overall profitability. Marketing analysis showed a consumer price spread of Rs. 3.5 thousand per maund. Retailers received the highest share (42.1 paisa per rupee spent), followed by middlemen (35.9 paisa) and growers (22 paisa). Growers had the lowest cost–benefit ratio (1:0.27), highlighting inefficiencies in the marketing chain. Key challenges included poor farm-to-market infrastructure, high transportation costs, limited market facilities, inadequate irrigation, lack of processing units, and absence of cold storage facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tahira Sadaf, Ayesha Rouf, Nazia Tabasam, Neelam Rana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth and Fiscal Consequences of Terrorism in Pakistan
This study empirically evaluates the growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in Pakistan_ by assessing the terrorism and macroeconomic relation using different proxies for terrorism, i.e., incidents of terrorism, Injured Victims, and total Deaths from terrorist attacks_ by using annual time series data from 1981-2020. In this study, two models are used, i.e. model for proxies of terrorism and a model for terrorism index as well. The paper has quantified the short-run and long-run analysis by applying the Vector Auto Regressive Model (VAR) and Johansen Co-integration technique, respectively. In the short run, terrorism has negative implications for economic growth in Pakistan. The military spending showed a positive impact on the economic growth of Pakistan; an increase in defense expenditures will boost the country’s economy in the short run. In the long run, investment activities showed a direct relationship with the economic growth of Pakistan. While the intuition is that government spending on security measures improve law & order situation in the country, which boosts economic activity in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahbaz Sarwar, Bilal Hassan, Agha Muhammad Yousaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Opportunity Differential in Early Childhood Development in Punjab, Pakistan: Role of Stunting
Persistent inequalities in Early Childhood Development (ECD) services pose a major challenge to equitable human development. These disparities can limit a child’s future potential and reinforce the cycle of poverty and inequality. The aim of this study is to examine the extent and sources of opportunity differentials in ECD in Punjab, Pakistan by analyzing how various socioeconomic and demographic factors affect children’s early access to essential ECD services. This study explores opportunity differentials in ECD among children aged 3 to 5 years in Punjab, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017. Drawing upon the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) within the Equality of Opportunity framework, the research quantifies inequalities in access to key developmental opportunities such as literacy, cognitive skills, motor development and social behaviour. In second stage of analysis, Shapley decomposition analysis is utilized, to assess the circumstance based factors contribution in inequality of opportunity. The analysis reveals significant contribution of each circumstance factor to inequality. Stunting is found as the largest contributor of inequality in behaving well with others with 57.5% and 20.4% in reading skills. Early childhood education contributing 20.5% in word recognition, 40% in alphabet recognition, and 28.3% in being able to perform small tasks, followed by household wealth contributing 35.5 % to follow directions, 26.7% to get distracted,16.1% contribute to health in large proportion while child gender accounts for the smallest share. The study concludes that targeted policy interventions are urgently needed to reduce ECD disparities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiz Ghulam Mujaddad, Sundus Jameel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating Health Risks, Economic Costs and Gender Impacts of Pesticide Exposure in Cotton Production
The use of substantial amount of pesticides to control pests and disease in cotton production leads to creating an unhealthy working environment for farm workers. Health impacts and costs have different implications for men and women farm workers. The present study explores whether female workers experience higher vulnerability to pesticide residual effects than male farm workers. Cross-sectional data collected from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan were employed to compare the health repercussions, associated costs and determinants of health costs. The health cost function and multiple regression were used to find out the influence of various factors on health cost of male and female workers. Among the prevalent health impacts reported by farm workers commonly include flu/fever, skin irritations, nausea/vomiting and eye irritation. Health problems are more pronounced among pesticide applicators when compared with women workers and non-applicators. An evaluation of earnings per hour associated with pesticide exposure underscores a significant disparity among farm workers. Women cotton pickers earn roughly half of what pesticide applicators earn, and their earnings stand at less than four times those of non-applicators. Determinants of health cost include education, the use of PPE, access to healthcare facilities, duration of pesticide exposure and regional disparities, with a few exceptions. This study offers valuable guidance to policymakers to mitigate the health impacts of pesticide exposure among farm workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khuda Bakhsh, Kiran Sarwar, Muhammad Asim Yasin, Rafaqet Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Exchange Rate, Budget Deficit and Money Supply on Economic Growth: An Analysis from Pakistan
As a small economy, Pakistan is actually or meaningfully feeble to the external shocks with its trade relations regarding trade. The economic strategy has a significant effect on the exchange rate policy for Pakistan. In this research, we have tried to highlight effects of exchange rate, budget deficit and money supply on economic growth of Pakistan by using data from 1986 to 2024. The economic growth was used as dependent variable. However, exchange rate, budget deficit, money supply and trade openness were taken as independent variables. The authors have used OLS regression model for this analysis. The findings showed that exchange rate has increased economic growth of Pakistan economy. Moreover, trade openness affected positively the growth of the economy. Finally, money supply has also increased the welfare of the economy. In addition to it, budget deficit has resulted in decreased growth in this analysis. The study suggested for more stable environment for increasing investment, production and economic growth. There should be more capital accumulation for more growth. Additionally, country must improve the volume of exports and trade to have more economic growth. Finally, there should be less domestic shocks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazar Mahmood, Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Alishba Zia, Waqar Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Dimensions in Korean Television Season The Legend of the Blue Sea
This study analyzes the temporal and spatial aspects of the Korean series The Legend of the Blue Sea, employing Gilles Deleuze’s theory of temporality to show that the series intertwines past, present, and future in a non-linear narrative, and challenges conventional notions of time and space. This study explores how the series presents time not as a mere succession of events but as a multiplicity of temporalities that coexist and interact. Furthermore, it delves into the double narrative script to investigate as how the series transcends traditional narrative forms by exploring how flashbacks and parallel timelines interact. Besides, the study offers a profound understanding of narrative structure, and character evolution aligning with Deleuze's philosophy of time as a multiplicity of coexisting temporalities. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of The Legend of the Blue Sea through Deleuze’s lens, and the research shows how the series’ narrative, and spatial dynamics collectively create a complex and multi-layered representation of time. The discussion showed an emergence of a beautiful correlation between dynamics of time and space featured through double narrative script.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Shahzadi, Hina Rafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Green Energy on Environmental Sustainability Framework in SAARC Countries
Growth of industry and reliance on nonrenewable forms of energy in the SAARC region have added to the problem of environmental degradation, which has also increased the costs of health and exposure to climate change. The shift to renewable energy, technological change and sustainable tourism is necessary to secure the economic well-being, preserve the natural resources and guarantee the safety of people. This article examines how green energy is correlated with technological innovation, tourism and sustainability in the SAARC countries between the year 2000 and 2023 using the ARDL estimation methodology in the STIRPAT model. The independent variables are the consumption of renewable and nonrenewable energy, industrial production, foreign direct investment, technological advancement, tourism, participation of the labor force and urbanization. The dependent variables have been the environmental degradation, economic growth and population health. Model 1 (Environmental Sustainability Model) results show that the renewable energy, foreign direct investment, tourism and technological innovation lessen environmental degradation, whereas industrial activity and use of fossil fuels aggravate the situation. Model 2 (Economic Sustainability Model) indicates that long-term economic growth is influenced by renewable energy, innovation, tourism and labor force participation, but non-renewable energy is positive in the short term. According to Model 3 (Social Sustainability Model), the development of renewable energy, technological advances and tourism have a beneficial impact on the population's health in contrast to industrialization and fossil fuels. The paper identifies the necessity of the SAARC economies to speed up the process of switching to renewable energy, enhance the innovation potential and incorporate sustainable tourism in national policy. It is based on the 3Ps theory (People, Planet, Profit) and highlights the importance of clean energy and technology as the key solution to the balance in the environment, social welfare, and economic stability of the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Kashif, Durdana Qaiser Gillani, Khalid Mahmood Mughal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitivity-Driven Semantic Shifts and Ideological Mediation in the English Translation of Intizar Hussain’s Wo Jo Kho Gaye
This study investigates the dynamics of meaning transfer in literary translation through a comparative analysis of Intizar Hussain’s Wo Jo Kho Gaye (Hussain, 1990) and its English rendition. Employing Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) with a focus on transitivity processes, this study examines how linguistics choices shape semantic shifts between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT). For this, the study utilized a framework proposed by Halliday (1994) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), which is based on six process types—material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and existential—that are identified and quantified in both texts. The results show that the ST comprises 348 material (39.01%), 238 relational (26.68%),146 verbal (16.36%), 145 mental (16.25%), 9 behavioral (1%), and 6 existential (0.67%) process, while the TT contains 400 material (40.12%), 287 relational (28.38%),144 mental (14.44%), 142 verbal (14.24%), 20 existential (2%), and 8 process (0.80%). These variations reflect subtle shifts in narrative emphasis and ideological framing. The translator’s strategic use of equivalence, paraphrasing, omission, loan words, and cultural substitutions further contributes to the reconfiguration of meaning. The findings underscore the pivotal role of transitivity in shaping textual interpretation and highlight the translator’s agency in negotiating cultural and linguistic boundaries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Saddique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technological Diffusion, Absorption Capacity and Export Performance: An Empirical Analysis from the Selected Developing Countries
A country's absorption capacity plays a key role in attracting technological diffusion and improving its export performance. This study aims to investigate the role of technological diffusion and absorption capacity in expanding export performance in developing countries. The study uses panel data from developing countries from 2000 to 2020. The results of the fixed-effect analysis reveal a significant, positive role for both technological diffusion and absorption capacity in a country's export performance. The inflow of technology into a country results in technology spillovers and the transfer of advanced knowledge and skills into production. This advanced technology and production knowledge boost both productive capacity and volume, enabling countries to increase exports. Moreover, absorption capacity plays a key role in increasing export performance in developing countries. The results of the study indicate that technological diffusion positively affects export performance initially as absorption capacity increases. Unfortunately, absorption capacity in developing countries does not meet world standards, which is why technology adoption and export performance are lower. The study suggests that countries take the necessary measures to improve their absorption capacity by adopting new technologies and increasing exports.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baber Amin, Mirajul Haq, Tauqir Iftikhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Manifestations and Coping Deficits: Investigating Variations in Perceived Parental Pressure, Exam Anxiety, and Emotional Well-Being among Secondary School Students
This paper has explored the perceived parental pressure, exam anxiety, and emotional well-being amongst secondary school children in Sargodha, Pakistan. The study’s objectives include to investigate the perceived levels of parental pressure, exam anxiety, and emotional well-being among secondary school students. Quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used, and 240 students (Grades 9 and 10) were sampled by using multistage sampling. Data collection was done using three research instruments, which included the Parental Pressure Scale, Exam Anxiety Scale, and Emotional Well-Being Scale. Those were descriptive statistical analyses (frequency, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations). The findings showed that there was a lot of pressure on the parents, especially in terms of high-grade expectations. There was also extensive exam anxiety as students complained of psychological (e.g., worry, memory blanking) and physical (e.g., racing heart) symptoms. Although the overall outcome of the questions revealed that students were usually experiencing positive emotional well-being, including enjoying learning and being proud of their accomplishments, the academic stress and trouble with their personal life caused by schoolwork were also common. One of the major discoveries was the dual and sophisticated role of parental influence, which was a stressor, yet it was a support of personal passions to many. The research paper concludes that high parental expectations and exam anxiety are the major factors that put pressure on the emotional health of students. The report highlights the need for intervention measures and recommends that schools be given stress management programs, awareness workshops for parents, and curriculum changes that will promote a healthier balance between academic performance and mental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muqaddas Awais, Ghulam Muhammad Malik, Sahibzada Shamim-ur-Rasul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Remittances on Female Labour Participation in Pakistan
This study examines how international remittances relate to women’s labour force participation in Pakistan using nationally representative HIES/PSLM 2018–19 microdata, We estimate logistic models to compare women in remittance-receiving and non-receiving households and, among recipients, test whether remittance size matters. Women in receiving households are 6–11 percentage points less likely to work, after controls and location fixed effects. Within recipient households, the relationship is negative and monotonic: as monthly log remittances rise from 8 to 16, the predicted probability of participation falls from about 17 to 5 percent. The intensity effect is strongest in rural areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and is insignificant in urban areas, Punjab, and Sindh. Results are consistent with an income effect and household bargaining that shift time toward non-market activities. Because the analysis is cross-sectional, remaining endogeneity cannot be ruled out. The findings inform policies that tie remittance income to flexible, decent work options for women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiza Nosheen, Waqas Shair, Badar un Nisa, Abdullah Shakeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Nexus between Climate Change and Food Security in South Asian Economies: Evidence from Panel Data
Extreme climate change has become a serious concern, posing challenges to human and economic welfare across many developed and developing countries. Based on empirical observation, it is claimed that the devastating floods, along with the threat of droughts, can account for variations in food security between different countries. This study uses the data from 1973 to 2021 to check the relationship between climate change and food security in a panel of SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Based on the statistical test diagnostics, we estimate a random effects model to examine the nexus between climate change and food security. Results indicated that land under cereal production, GDP per capita, and mean average temperature have a positive association. While Population growth and mean average rainfall have a negative association. Facing the issues of climate change, the governments of the economies under study may construct new dams to store water, which will also aid in flood control. Further, the increasing area of cultivation may boost the output level and cereal availability, which may help to sort out the main issue of food insecurity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahbaz Sarwar, Amna Bibi, Sajjad Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chasing Efficiency without a Map: The Supply Chain Knowledge Crisis in Pakistani SMEs
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play vital role in contributing the Pakistan’s economy and comprised on their share in the GDP more than 40% and engaging around 80% of workforce other than agriculture. Although SMEs are integral part of the business ecosystem, many of them still have no aligned supply chain management (SCM) at international standards to manage and perform feats of managing complex logistics and procurement puzzles. This fence-sitting on the SCM literacy curve fast represents operational inefficiencies, unnecessary costs, and a loss of competitiveness for the business in the local and global arenas. This work examines the value of describing the supply chain knowledge limitations of Pakistani SMEs in operational performance SME case studies. Using selected literature and SME case studies, the study reveals significant knowledge gaps in critical SCM areas, including inventory management, procurement, logistics alignment, and SCM technology convergence. Findings indicated the gaps in SCM training, SCM systems, and SCM business model in the value chains and business niches of the targeted sectors, like textiles, food processing, and retail, are clear. The work outlines steps to incorporate SCM training gaps, SCM systems, and support models in the value chains and business niches of the targeted sectors, like textiles, food processing, and retail, which is clear. The work outlines steps to incorporate SCM training gaps, systems, and structured support models into the SCM business model of value chains and business niches targeted to the identified sectors, e.g., textiles, food processing, and retail. For Pakistani SMEs, closing the gap in their understanding of supply chain management can help improve operational efficiency, enhance sustainability, and boost global competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Abdullah Tariq, Zafar Iqbal, Shoaib Akhtar, Shazia Khurshid, Muhammad Haseeb Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On Multiple Agreement in Urdu Language: A Cyclic-Agree Account
This study investigates morphosyntactic agreement in the Urdu language utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering naturalistic data, and employing a Cyclic Agree (Béjar & Rezac, 2009) as a theoretical framework. Focusing on compound verb constructions, double-object construction, and compound verb constructions, this study examines how agreement is constrained by case accessibility, clause structure, and probe-goal interactions. The data reveals that ergative subjects in perfective contexts are specifically opaque to agreement probes, which instead target accessible internal arguments—often yielding object-controlled agreement. Ditransitive constructions consistently support agreement with the head noun via syntactic binding, even in the absence of overt nominal presence, thereby supporting movement-based analyses. By applying Cyclic Agree to Urdu’s split-ergative alignment and complex clause architecture, the study contributes to broader typological and theoretical debates on agreement displacement, locality, and feature inheritance in South Asian languages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fareah Afzal, Ali Haider (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Foreign Direct Inflows and Gender Inequality Nexus: An Analysis from Developing Countries
Foreign direct investment is generally regarded as beneficial for a nation’s overall growth. There are many positive influences of such investment on both the home and host economies. We have investigated the effect of gender inequality on foreign direct investment inflow in underdeveloped economies by using data from 2000 to 2024. Gender inequality with human capital, trade openness, population growth, and economic growth were taken as explanatory variables. The study results found that gender inequality in employment positively affected the foreign direct investment inflow in the developing economies. Results also showed that human capital, trade openness, and population growth contributed much towards foreign direct investment inflows. The findings suggested that multinationals should provide more jobs and higher wages for women. Moreover, there should be a better working environment for women in these nations. Finally, the Government should provide a more financially and politically stable environment for attracting more foreign direct investment from the host countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Bilal Rafaqat, Ali Ahmad, Raja Adil Shahzad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Gwadar Port on Economic Growth of Pakistan
This research analyzes the impact of Gwadar Port on the GDP of Pakistan, with particular emphasis on five important variables: foreign direct investment (FDI), labor participation, trade openness, tax collections, and environmental pressures. The study uses yearly time-series data covering the period between 2000 and 2025 and utilizes an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The findings show that all the explanatory variables are positively and significantly influencing GDP per capita, where FDI and labor force participation are the most significant contributors. Trade openness also positively influences GDP, confirming classical trade theory, and tax revenues underscore Gwadar's taxing significance. The positive CO2 emissions-GDP relation mirrors the Environmental Kuznets Curve, showing that growth is presently linked with environmental costs. Diagnostic tests establish the soundness of the model, and descriptive statistics show stability in GDP and labor participation but instability in FDI and emissions. The results are consistent with Hirschman's linkage theory and Krugman's core–periphery model, revealing Gwadar's revolutionary role in re-making Pakistan's economic geography. The research concludes that Gwadar Port is both a chance and a burden: it can fuel Pakistan's development and regional integration in trade, but inclusive and sustainable policies are required to cope with environmental and equity issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Sohail, Maria Sohail, Raja Muhammad Sohail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
British-Period Heritage and Its Role in Eco-Tourism Development: A Case Study of the Galiyat Region, Abbottabad, Pakistan
The Galiyat region of northern Pakistan preserves one of South Asia’s most intact ensembles of British-period hill-station architecture, including churches, rest houses, and civic buildings embedded within Himalayan forests. Despite its exceptional cultural and ecological value, this heritage remains largely absent from formal tourism and conservation planning. This study investigates how Galiyat’s colonial-era architecture can serve as a catalyst for eco-tourism that integrates cultural preservation, environmental stewardship, and community participation. Extensive fieldwork was conducted across thirty-two British-period heritage sites, incorporating interviews with 150 stakeholders, including tourists, residents, and tour operators. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic framework, revealing that Galiyat’s heritage functions as a living landscape where architectural authenticity, adaptive reuse, community identity, and ecological interdependence converge. However, governance fragmentation and weak interpretation continue to constrain its sustainable development. In response, the research proposes the Eco-Heritage Development Model for the Galiyat Region (EHDM-G) a four-stage cyclical framework encompassing resource identification, community capacity building, eco-heritage product development, and policy integration. Anchored in environmental, cultural, and socio-economic dimensions, the model aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 15 (Life on Land). The study contributes a replicable framework for heritage-based eco-tourism planning in mountain regions, demonstrating how postcolonial landscapes can evolve into models of sustainable identity, community empowerment, and integrated heritage governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tunveer Qureshi, Shakir Ullah, Abdul Samad, Ruth L. Young (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0