International Journal of Advanced Social Studies
type: channel
description: International Journal of Advanced Social Studies is an open access double-blind peer-reviewed online journal published by Explore Scholar Publishing Group. Since the world is always changing, it's super important for us to keep up with new trends that affect us all, no matter where we live. This journal is a special place where experts from different fields come together to talk about important issues, share new ideas, and give us new ways to think about things.
publisher: Explore Scholar Publishing
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Advanced Social Studies
issn: 3006-1776
items: Analysis of Green Energy on Environmental Sustainability Framework in SAARC Countries
items: Transitivity-Driven Semantic Shifts and Ideological Mediation in the English Translation of Intizar Hussain’s Wo Jo Kho Gaye
items: Technological Diffusion, Absorption Capacity and Export Performance: An Empirical Analysis from the Selected Developing Countries
items: Manifestations and Coping Deficits: Investigating Variations in Perceived Parental Pressure, Exam Anxiety, and Emotional Well-Being among Secondary School Students
items: Impact of Remittances on Female Labour Participation in Pakistan
items: Chasing Efficiency without a Map: The Supply Chain Knowledge Crisis in Pakistani SMEs
items: On Multiple Agreement in Urdu Language: A Cyclic-Agree Account
items: Foreign Direct Inflows and Gender Inequality Nexus: An Analysis from Developing Countries
items: Impact of Gwadar Port on Economic Growth of Pakistan
items: British-Period Heritage and Its Role in Eco-Tourism Development: A Case Study of the Galiyat Region, Abbottabad, Pakistan
items: Financial Inclusion and Political Instability as Dual Forces Shaping Income Inequality in Pakistan
items: Drivers of Crop Diversification: Understanding the Global and South Asian Shift from Cotton to Competing Crops
items: Impact of Behavioral Finance on Employee Productivity: Mediating Role of Financial Decision Making
items: Impact of Education Expenditure on Economic Growth: A Study of Selected ECO Countries
items: On Agreement of Urdu Relative Clauses
items: Institutional Quality, Industrialization, and Environmental Degradation: An Analysis from Selected Asian Countries
items: Impact of Energy Prices, Consumption, and Government Effectiveness on Manufacturing Output: Evidence from Pakistan
items: Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: An Analysis from Developing Countries
items: IMF’s Policies, Social Spending and Human Development: An Analysis from South Asian Countries
items: A Critical Analysis of Judicial Structure of Pakistan’s Apex Court: Pre- and Post-26th Constitutional Amendment
items: Effect of Artificial Intelligence Tools Usage on Students' Classroom Performance among Undergraduate Students: An Experimental Study
items: Fiscal Policy and Stock Returns: A Cointegration Analysis
items: A Case Study of Knowledge Gap Analysis of Ginners in Punjab, Pakistan
items: Impact of Government Expenditures, Foreign Direct Investment and Budget Deficits on Economic Growth in Pakistan
items: Impact of Climate Change on Physical Health and Health Care System. A Scoping Review
items: Impact of Instructional Medium on University Students’ Learning Challenges and Quality of Learning in Pakistan
items: Impact of ETTE Training Project on English Language Skills of Secondary School Teachers in Punjab, Pakistan
items: Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Regarding Online Shopping: A Case Study of Faisalabad
items: An Exploration of Verbal-Linguistics Intelligence (VLI) Levels among Undergraduate English Students
items: Examine the Impact of Energy Cost on the Food Inflation: Fresh Evidence from Pakistan Economy

Analysis of Green Energy on Environmental Sustainability Framework in SAARC Countries
type: item
description: Growth of industry and reliance on nonrenewable forms of energy in the SAARC region have added to the problem of environmental degradation, which has also increased the costs of health and exposure to climate change. The shift to renewable energy, technological change and sustainable tourism is necessary to secure the economic well-being, preserve the natural resources and guarantee the safety of people. This article examines how green energy is correlated with technological innovation, tourism and sustainability in the SAARC countries between the year 2000 and 2023 using the ARDL estimation methodology in the STIRPAT model. The independent variables are the consumption of renewable and nonrenewable energy, industrial production, foreign direct investment, technological advancement, tourism, participation of the labor force and urbanization. The dependent variables have been the environmental degradation, economic growth and population health. Model 1 (Environmental Sustainability Model) results show that the renewable energy, foreign direct investment, tourism and technological innovation lessen environmental degradation, whereas industrial activity and use of fossil fuels aggravate the situation. Model 2 (Economic Sustainability Model) indicates that long-term economic growth is influenced by renewable energy, innovation, tourism and labor force participation, but non-renewable energy is positive in the short term. According to Model 3 (Social Sustainability Model), the development of renewable energy, technological advances and tourism have a beneficial impact on the population's health in contrast to industrialization and fossil fuels. The paper identifies the necessity of the SAARC economies to speed up the process of switching to renewable energy, enhance the innovation potential and incorporate sustainable tourism in national policy. It is based on the 3Ps theory (People, Planet, Profit) and highlights the importance of clean energy and technology as the key …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: 3ps theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Raja Kashif
creator: Durdana Qaiser Gillani
creator: Khalid Mahmood Mughal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Kashif, Durdana Qaiser Gillani, Khalid Mahmood Mughal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 67
ending page: 84
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05308

Transitivity-Driven Semantic Shifts and Ideological Mediation in the English Translation of Intizar Hussain’s Wo Jo Kho Gaye
type: item
description: This study investigates the dynamics of meaning transfer in literary translation through a comparative analysis of Intizar Hussain’s Wo Jo Kho Gaye (Hussain, 1990) and its English rendition. Employing Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) with a focus on transitivity processes, this study examines how linguistics choices shape semantic shifts between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT). For this, the study utilized a framework proposed by Halliday (1994) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), which is based on six process types—material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and existential—that are identified and quantified in both texts. The results show that the ST comprises 348 material (39.01%), 238 relational (26.68%),146 verbal (16.36%), 145 mental (16.25%), 9 behavioral (1%), and 6 existential (0.67%) process, while the TT contains 400 material (40.12%), 287 relational (28.38%),144 mental (14.44%), 142 verbal (14.24%), 20 existential (2%), and 8 process (0.80%). These variations reflect subtle shifts in narrative emphasis and ideological framing. The translator’s strategic use of equivalence, paraphrasing, omission, loan words, and cultural substitutions further contributes to the reconfiguration of meaning. The findings underscore the pivotal role of transitivity in shaping textual interpretation and highlight the translator’s agency in negotiating cultural and linguistic boundaries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: literary translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Semantic shifts
  topic: keywords
subject: Equivalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural mediation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Saddique
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Saddique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 57
ending page: 66
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05307

Technological Diffusion, Absorption Capacity and Export Performance: An Empirical Analysis from the Selected Developing Countries
type: item
description: A country's absorption capacity plays a key role in attracting technological diffusion and improving its export performance. This study aims to investigate the role of technological diffusion and absorption capacity in expanding export performance in developing countries. The study uses panel data from developing countries from 2000 to 2020. The results of the fixed-effect analysis reveal a significant, positive role for both technological diffusion and absorption capacity in a country's export performance. The inflow of technology into a country results in technology spillovers and the transfer of advanced knowledge and skills into production. This advanced technology and production knowledge boost both productive capacity and volume, enabling countries to increase exports. Moreover, absorption capacity plays a key role in increasing export performance in developing countries. The results of the study indicate that technological diffusion positively affects export performance initially as absorption capacity increases. Unfortunately, absorption capacity in developing countries does not meet world standards, which is why technology adoption and export performance are lower. The study suggests that countries take the necessary measures to improve their absorption capacity by adopting new technologies and increasing exports.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Technological diffusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Absorption capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: Export performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Baber Amin
creator: Mirajul Haq
creator: Tauqir Iftikhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Baber Amin, Mirajul Haq, Tauqir Iftikhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 49
ending page: 56
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05306

Manifestations and Coping Deficits: Investigating Variations in Perceived Parental Pressure, Exam Anxiety, and Emotional Well-Being among Secondary School Students
type: item
description: This paper has explored the perceived parental pressure, exam anxiety, and emotional well-being amongst secondary school children in Sargodha, Pakistan. The study’s objectives include to investigate the perceived levels of parental pressure, exam anxiety, and emotional well-being among secondary school students. Quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used, and 240 students (Grades 9 and 10) were sampled by using multistage sampling. Data collection was done using three research instruments, which included the Parental Pressure Scale, Exam Anxiety Scale, and Emotional Well-Being Scale. Those were descriptive statistical analyses (frequency, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations). The findings showed that there was a lot of pressure on the parents, especially in terms of high-grade expectations. There was also extensive exam anxiety as students complained of psychological (e.g., worry, memory blanking) and physical (e.g., racing heart) symptoms. Although the overall outcome of the questions revealed that students were usually experiencing positive emotional well-being, including enjoying learning and being proud of their accomplishments, the academic stress and trouble with their personal life caused by schoolwork were also common. One of the major discoveries was the dual and sophisticated role of parental influence, which was a stressor, yet it was a support of personal passions to many. The research paper concludes that high parental expectations and exam anxiety are the major factors that put pressure on the emotional health of students. The report highlights the need for intervention measures and recommends that schools be given stress management programs, awareness workshops for parents, and curriculum changes that will promote a healthier balance between academic performance and mental health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parental pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Exam anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional well-being
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary school students
  topic: keywords
creator: Muqaddas Awais
creator: Ghulam Muhammad Malik
creator: Sahibzada Shamim-ur-Rasul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muqaddas Awais, Ghulam Muhammad Malik, Sahibzada Shamim-ur-Rasul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
starting page: 36
ending page: 48
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05305

Impact of Remittances on Female Labour Participation in Pakistan
type: item
description: This study examines how international remittances relate to women’s labour force participation in Pakistan using nationally representative HIES/PSLM 2018–19 microdata, We estimate logistic models to compare women in remittance-receiving and non-receiving households and, among recipients, test whether remittance size matters. Women in receiving households are 6–11 percentage points less likely to work, after controls and location fixed effects. Within recipient households, the relationship is negative and monotonic: as monthly log remittances rise from 8 to 16, the predicted probability of participation falls from about 17 to 5 percent. The intensity effect is strongest in rural areas and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and is insignificant in urban areas, Punjab, and Sindh. Results are consistent with an income effect and household bargaining that shift time toward non-market activities. Because the analysis is cross-sectional, remaining endogeneity cannot be ruled out. The findings inform policies that tie remittance income to flexible, decent work options for women.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Remittances
  topic: keywords
subject: Female labour participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Hafiza Nosheen
creator: Waqas Shair
creator: Badar un Nisa
creator: Abdullah Shakeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiza Nosheen, Waqas Shair, Badar un Nisa, Abdullah Shakeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
starting page: 25
ending page: 35
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05304

Chasing Efficiency without a Map: The Supply Chain Knowledge Crisis in Pakistani SMEs
type: item
description: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play vital role in contributing the Pakistan’s economy and comprised on their share in the GDP more than 40% and engaging around 80% of workforce other than agriculture. Although SMEs are integral part of the business ecosystem, many of them still have no aligned supply chain management (SCM) at international standards to manage and perform feats of managing complex logistics and procurement puzzles. This fence-sitting on the SCM literacy curve fast represents operational inefficiencies, unnecessary costs, and a loss of competitiveness for the business in the local and global arenas. This work examines the value of describing the supply chain knowledge limitations of Pakistani SMEs in operational performance SME case studies. Using selected literature and SME case studies, the study reveals significant knowledge gaps in critical SCM areas, including inventory management, procurement, logistics alignment, and SCM technology convergence. Findings indicated the gaps in SCM training, SCM systems, and SCM business model in the value chains and business niches of the targeted sectors, like textiles, food processing, and retail, are clear. The work outlines steps to incorporate SCM training gaps, SCM systems, and support models in the value chains and business niches of the targeted sectors, like textiles, food processing, and retail, which is clear. The work outlines steps to incorporate SCM training gaps, systems, and structured support models into the SCM business model of value chains and business niches targeted to the identified sectors, e.g., textiles, food processing, and retail. For Pakistani SMEs, closing the gap in their understanding of supply chain management can help improve operational efficiency, enhance sustainability, and boost global competitiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supply chain management
  topic: keywords
subject: SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Operational efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Case study
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Abdullah Tariq
creator: Zafar Iqbal
creator: Shoaib Akhtar
creator: Shazia Khurshid
creator: Muhammad Haseeb Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Abdullah Tariq, Zafar Iqbal, Shoaib Akhtar, Shazia Khurshid, Muhammad Haseeb Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05301

On Multiple Agreement in Urdu Language: A Cyclic-Agree Account
type: item
description: This study investigates morphosyntactic agreement in the Urdu language utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering naturalistic data, and employing a Cyclic Agree (Béjar & Rezac, 2009) as a theoretical framework. Focusing on compound verb constructions, double-object construction, and compound verb constructions, this study examines how agreement is constrained by case accessibility, clause structure, and probe-goal interactions. The data reveals that ergative subjects in perfective contexts are specifically opaque to agreement probes, which instead target accessible internal arguments—often yielding object-controlled agreement. Ditransitive constructions consistently support agreement with the head noun via syntactic binding, even in the absence of overt nominal presence, thereby supporting movement-based analyses. By applying Cyclic Agree to Urdu’s split-ergative alignment and complex clause architecture, the study contributes to broader typological and theoretical debates on agreement displacement, locality, and feature inheritance in South Asian languages.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Case-marking
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyclic agree
  topic: keywords
subject: Split-ergativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Probe-goal interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Fareah Afzal
creator: Ali Haider
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fareah Afzal, Ali Haider (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 149
ending page: 159
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05215

Foreign Direct Inflows and Gender Inequality Nexus: An Analysis from Developing Countries
type: item
description: Foreign direct investment is generally regarded as beneficial for a nation’s overall growth. There are many positive influences of such investment on both the home and host economies. We have investigated the effect of gender inequality on foreign direct investment inflow in underdeveloped economies by using data from 2000 to 2024. Gender inequality with human capital, trade openness, population growth, and economic growth were taken as explanatory variables. The study results found that gender inequality in employment positively affected the foreign direct investment inflow in the developing economies. Results also showed that human capital, trade openness, and population growth contributed much towards foreign direct investment inflows. The findings suggested that multinationals should provide more jobs and higher wages for women. Moreover, there should be a better working environment for women in these nations. Finally, the Government should provide a more financially and politically stable environment for attracting more foreign direct investment from the host countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Foreign direct investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing countries
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Bilal Rafaqat
creator: Ali Ahmad
creator: Raja Adil Shahzad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Bilal Rafaqat, Ali Ahmad, Raja Adil Shahzad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 143
ending page: 148
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05214

Impact of Gwadar Port on Economic Growth of Pakistan
type: item
description: This research analyzes the impact of Gwadar Port on the GDP of Pakistan, with particular emphasis on five important variables: foreign direct investment (FDI), labor participation, trade openness, tax collections, and environmental pressures. The study uses yearly time-series data covering the period between 2000 and 2025 and utilizes an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The findings show that all the explanatory variables are positively and significantly influencing GDP per capita, where FDI and labor force participation are the most significant contributors. Trade openness also positively influences GDP, confirming classical trade theory, and tax revenues underscore Gwadar's taxing significance. The positive CO2 emissions-GDP relation mirrors the Environmental Kuznets Curve, showing that growth is presently linked with environmental costs. Diagnostic tests establish the soundness of the model, and descriptive statistics show stability in GDP and labor participation but instability in FDI and emissions. The results are consistent with Hirschman's linkage theory and Krugman's core–periphery model, revealing Gwadar's revolutionary role in re-making Pakistan's economic geography. The research concludes that Gwadar Port is both a chance and a burden: it can fuel Pakistan's development and regional integration in trade, but inclusive and sustainable policies are required to cope with environmental and equity issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gwadar Port
  topic: keywords
subject: GDP growth
  topic: keywords
subject: FDI
  topic: keywords
subject: Labor force participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade openness
  topic: keywords
subject: Tax revenue
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan economy
  topic: keywords
subject: OLS regression
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Sohail
creator: Maria Sohail
creator: Raja Muhammad Sohail
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Sohail, Maria Sohail, Raja Muhammad Sohail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 135
ending page: 142
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05213

British-Period Heritage and Its Role in Eco-Tourism Development: A Case Study of the Galiyat Region, Abbottabad, Pakistan
type: item
description: The Galiyat region of northern Pakistan preserves one of South Asia’s most intact ensembles of British-period hill-station architecture, including churches, rest houses, and civic buildings embedded within Himalayan forests. Despite its exceptional cultural and ecological value, this heritage remains largely absent from formal tourism and conservation planning. This study investigates how Galiyat’s colonial-era architecture can serve as a catalyst for eco-tourism that integrates cultural preservation, environmental stewardship, and community participation. Extensive fieldwork was conducted across thirty-two British-period heritage sites, incorporating interviews with 150 stakeholders, including tourists, residents, and tour operators. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic framework, revealing that Galiyat’s heritage functions as a living landscape where architectural authenticity, adaptive reuse, community identity, and ecological interdependence converge. However, governance fragmentation and weak interpretation continue to constrain its sustainable development. In response, the research proposes the Eco-Heritage Development Model for the Galiyat Region (EHDM-G) a four-stage cyclical framework encompassing resource identification, community capacity building, eco-heritage product development, and policy integration. Anchored in environmental, cultural, and socio-economic dimensions, the model aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 15 (Life on Land). The study contributes a replicable framework for heritage-based eco-tourism planning in mountain regions, demonstrating how postcolonial landscapes can evolve into models of sustainable identity, community empowerment, and integrated heritage governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eco-heritage tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: British-period architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable mountain tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Galiyat region
  topic: keywords
subject: SDGs
  topic: keywords
subject: Living heritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Tunveer Qureshi
creator: Shakir Ullah
creator: Abdul Samad
creator: Ruth L. Young
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tunveer Qureshi, Shakir Ullah, Abdul Samad, Ruth L. Young (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 120
ending page: 134
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05212

Financial Inclusion and Political Instability as Dual Forces Shaping Income Inequality in Pakistan
type: item
description: This study examines the role of instability in the political system and financial inclusion in the case of Pakistan. The data sample is from 1998 to 2023. The structural equation model (SEM) is employed to gauge the direct and indirect impacts of financial inclusion and political instability on the unequal distribution of wealth. The findings refer that financial inclusion is the key driver to reduce inequality to give access to financial services. While the political instability leads to an increase the inequality in society. The key findings highlight the importance of financial inclusion in reducing income inequality. This means that political stability is crucial for reducing income inequality. This study provides a comprehensive database and analysis. It offers evidence and insights for policymakers to achieve sustainable development and financial inclusion in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Income Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: SEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Ghouse
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Ghouse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-02
publication date: 2025-11-02
starting page: 9
ending page: 16
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05302

Drivers of Crop Diversification: Understanding the Global and South Asian Shift from Cotton to Competing Crops
type: item
description: The cotton industry, which has traditionally served as one of the key drivers of economic growth in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, is currently undergoing a radical structural change. Cotton production has been falling in key areas like Pakistan, India, China, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa for the last 20 years. Instead, farmers are shifting their focus to growing other crops such as soybeans, pulses, and fruits and vegetables. This change is a good illustration of the complexity in relationships between economic, environmental, and institutional determinants. This review aims to synthesize global and South Asian research to identify the key factors driving the decline of cotton agriculture and the resulting migration of people. It explores how volatile commodity prices, changing climatic patterns, pest resistance, rising input prices, and evolving policy processes interact to shape decisions made by farmers. The analysis also explains the consequences of these changes to the rural economic systems, the sustainability of agro-ecological practices, and food security in general. In the end, it highlights potential research and policy pathways that may improve the resilience and competitiveness of cotton and alternative agricultural systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crop diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: South Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change,
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Market dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahbaz Sharif Wahla
creator: Burhan Ahmad
creator: M. Amjed Iqbal
creator: Hammad Badar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahbaz Sharif Wahla, Burhan Ahmad, M. Amjed Iqbal, Hammad Badar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
starting page: 17
ending page: 24
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05303

Impact of Behavioral Finance on Employee Productivity: Mediating Role of Financial Decision Making
type: item
description: This research aims to better comprehend the impact of behavioral finance on employee productivity by investigating the mediating effect of financial decision-making. A part of financial decision-making is the link between behavioral finance and employee productivity observed with the help of prospect theory, heuristic theory, and rational decision-making theory. In this research, the researcher initially constructed a theoretical framework and subsequently formulated hypotheses. The findings of this study have explained the positive and significant effect of behavioral finance on employee productivity, along with the significant positive mediating impact of financial decision-making on behavioral finance and employee productivity. After this, the research has described a positive and significant mediating impact of financial decision-making between behavioral finance and employee productivity; all hypotheses are positive and significant except that representativeness bias, overconfidence, and herding have no significant relationship. Keywords: behavioral finance, employee productivity, and financial decision-making
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Behavioral finance
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial decision-making
  topic: keywords
creator: Muzammil Khurshid
creator: Muhammad Azeem
creator: Mahnoor Asmat Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muzammil Khurshid, Muhammad Azeem, Mahnoor Asmat Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 102
ending page: 119
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05211

Impact of Education Expenditure on Economic Growth: A Study of Selected ECO Countries
type: item
description: The relation between spending on education and economic growth has been a popular subject of research, where education as a human capital is an important aspect of human capital in the long-term development. This paper looks at how education expenditure affects the economic growth of some ECO nations from 1972 to 2014. Other macroeconomic variables like the participation of the labor force, household consumption, and foreign remittances are also factored in alongside education in order to have a holistic picture of their effects on growth. The secondary data has been used to analyze it, and the sources are reliable, such as the Pakistan survey, the WDI, and the SBP. The augmented Dickey-Fuller test was initially applied to test stationarity since time series data tend. Once the integration sequence of the variables had been verified, two sophisticated econometric tools were used, that is, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Such approaches are especially appropriate because they address the problems of endogeneity and serial correlation, giving superior estimates of both long-run and short-run relationships between education spending and economic growth. The results indicate that the positive and statistically significant effect of the expenditure on education on the economic growth is positive. It was also discovered that labor force participation has a positive influence on growth, implying that the higher the participation in productive work, the higher the economic output. Household final consumption spending and foreign remittances, on the other hand, harmed economic growth. Overuse lowers savings and investment, which are essential in long-term development. It is time that policymakers focus on investment in education, promote higher levels of participation in the labor market, and implement other policies to redirect remittances and consumption towards productive investments to achieve long-term growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education expenditure
  topic: keywords
subject: FMOLS
  topic: keywords
subject: DOLS
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Remittances
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shafique
creator: Umar Ijaz Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Rizwan
creator: Mohsin Raza
creator: Arqam Iqbal
creator: Maryam Tahir
creator: Farrukh Shahzad
creator: Hafeez Nazar
creator: Hassan Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shafique, Umar Ijaz Ahmed, Muhammad Rizwan, Mohsin Raza, Arqam Iqbal, Maryam Tahir, Farrukh Shahzad, Hafeez Nazar, Hassan Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 88
ending page: 101
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05210

On Agreement of Urdu Relative Clauses
type: item
description: This study investigates the syntactic architecture of Urdu relative clauses utilizing a mixed-methods approach. The study assimilates a corpus-based analysis with Kayne’s (1994) model. Accumulating naturally occurring Urdu data, this study categorizes relative clauses into subject relative clause, object relative clause, ergative relative clause, agentive relative clause, postpositional relative clause, and locative relative clause types, each introduced by distinct relativizers such as jo, jise, jinhon, jin se, and jahan. The results show that relativizers in Urdu are morphologically marked for number, gender, case, and function as probes that agree with their corresponding goals—particularly the head noun or embedded clause constituents. The study illustrates the role of ergative alignment in perfective structure, the syntactic integration of postpositional and locative relativizers, which encode relational and spatial semantics within clausal structures. This study demonstrates how relative clauses serve to discourse-level functions such as topicalization, focus, referential, and specificity. However, the findings suggest that Urdu employs a complex relativization strategy, equating typological properties in Indo-Aryan languages—Punjabi, Pashto, Persian, and Sanskrit—with principles of universal grammar. The study implicates second language pedagogy, computational parsing, and typological comparison, providing insights into clause accessibility, feature inheritance, and movement operations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relative clause
  topic: keywords
subject: Probe-goal
  topic: keywords
subject: Agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: Ergative
  topic: keywords
subject: Agentive
  topic: keywords
creator: Asad Ali
creator: Naila Kanwal Dar
creator: Junaid Ashraf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asad Ali, Naila Kanwal, Junaid Ashraf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 76
ending page: 87
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05209

Institutional Quality, Industrialization, and Environmental Degradation: An Analysis from Selected Asian Countries
type: item
description: Environmental pollution is an important problem in both developing and developed economies. The worsening of the environment has to be a direct influence on the quality of human beings, or a danger to the existence of human life. The aim is to examine the factors causing environmental degradation in some selected Asian countries. We investigate the nexus between industrial production, economic growth, institutional quality, and environmental degradation in the selected economies in Asia from 2011 to 2020 by applying the GMM technique. Findings reveal that the increase in industrialization and economic growth increases environmental degradation. Moreover, institutional quality, energy consumption, trade openness, and labor force participation rate are the major causes of environmental degradation in these selected Asian countries. Energy policies should emphasize on supply of better quality energy by using other sources. There is also a need to enhance the efficient use of energy consumption. Some measures should be taken to enhance the growth of the agricultural sector to alleviate environmental pressure. Institutional quality should be improved.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GMM estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrialization
  topic: keywords
subject: Asian Countries
  topic: keywords
creator: Durdana Qaiser Gillani
creator: Khalid Mahmood Mughal
creator: Sumra Khalid
creator: Iqbal Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Durdana Qaiser Gillani, Khalid Mahmood Mughal, Sumra Khalid, Iqbal Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 67
ending page: 75
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05208

Impact of Energy Prices, Consumption, and Government Effectiveness on Manufacturing Output: Evidence from Pakistan
type: item
description: This study investigates the impacts of energy price, consumption, and government effectiveness on the yields of the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The data is taken from 1998 to 2023. The Unit root and ADRL bound testing are used to estimate short and long run impacts of energy prices, consumption, and government effectiveness on manufacturing output along the control variables; growth domestic product growth, trade, raw material prices, foreign direct investment, covid-19 dummy. The results concluded that the foreign direct investment, gross domestic product growth, trade, energy consumption, and government effectiveness have a positive relationship with manufacturing output. While the raw material price, trade, energy prices, and COVID-19 dummy have negative associations with manufacturing output. In light of the high energy prices, energy consumption, and government effectiveness this study provides the policy suggestions based on finding that can be useful for the growth of the manufactured sector performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Manufacturing output
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy prices
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: Government effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: ARDL
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Ghouse
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Ghouse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 58
ending page: 66
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05207

Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: An Analysis from Developing Countries
type: item
description: Naturally, human beings unceasingly search for change and are involved in small or huge commercial actions that are intended to achieve the fundamental needs and protect their interests in any credible way. Considering the significance of the environment, we have emphasized the economic factors, human development, and energy consumption affecting environmental degradation in developing nations. We have used data from 2001 to 2022 and employed the fixed effect method for the analysis. The study results showed that energy consumption and human development resulted in more environmental degradation in developing countries. The results also showed that economic growth and trade openness tended to increase environmental degradation. The study suggested more improvement in the environment in these economies. There should be more usage of safe and clean energy in production processes for a clean environment. Furthermore, the Government should provide more educational facilities and jobs to different segments of the population for their higher earnings and improved living standards. Finally, there is a dire need for more provision of energy resources for more growth, production, and welfare in these Asian countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: Human development
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing countries
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeeshan Muhammad Yasir
creator: Ahmad Jan Essa
creator: Nishwa Khan
creator: Durdana Qaiser Gillani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zeeshan Muhammad Yasir, Ahmad Jan Essa, Nishwa Khan, Durdana Qaiser Gillani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 57
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05206

IMF’s Policies, Social Spending and Human Development: An Analysis from South Asian Countries
type: item
description: IMF policies can considerably affect South Asian economies through lending, policy advice, and conditionality attached to financial assistance. The IMF's support, together with loans under the extensive credit facility, extended fund facility, and resilience and sustainability facility, can help stabilize the economies predominantly throughout periods of crisis. Though these policies can also lead to economic adjustments and reforms, which may affect positively and negatively the various sectors and segments of the population. Considering the effects of the IMF’s policies, we have checked the impact of social spending and trade on human development in some South Asian countries. Regression results showed that general Government health expenditures, education, and trade have enhanced human development in the South Asian countries. However, the real interest rate negatively affected the human development of the people in these countries because of the involvement of lending institutions. It is suggested that the Government should allocate more budget towards health and education in these economies. There should be a stable economic and political environment for attracting more investment from abroad. Moreover, there should be fewer conditions and policy interventions by the lending authorities. Finally, there is a need to diversify the economies, reshape their relationship with international financial institutions, and provide the population with sufficient amenities for uplifting their living standard.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Spending
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: International Monetary Fund
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeeshan Muhammad Yasir
creator: Nishwa Khan
creator: Talat Munazza
creator: Muhammad Bilal Rafaqat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zeeshan Muhammad Yasir, Nishwa Khan, Talat Munazza, Muhammad Bilal Rafaqat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 44
ending page: 50
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05205

A Critical Analysis of Judicial Structure of Pakistan’s Apex Court: Pre- and Post-26th Constitutional Amendment
type: item
description: Since Pakistan’s independence in 1947, the Supreme Court has undergone significant constitutional transformations, shaped by numerous amendments aimed at realizing the true spirit of the Constitution and the will of the state. The Constitution of 1973 established core objectives of constitutional supremacy, separation of powers, judicial autonomy, and the protection of fundamental rights. Within this framework, the 26th Constitutional Amendment stands as a landmark reform with profound implications for the judiciary’s structure and role. This study critically analyzes the procedural, structural, and functional impacts of the amendment. Key changes include fixing the Chief Justice of Pakistan’s tenure at three years, restructuring the Judicial Commission of Pakistan and the Parliamentary Committee, and introducing controversial grounds for the removal of the Chief Justice. Proponents argue these reforms enhance transparency, democratize judicial governance, and limit the concentration of authority. Critics, however, contend that they erode judicial independence, politicize appointments, and dilute the principle of separation of powers. Employing doctrinal and comparative methodology, this research evaluates the amendment through the lenses of separation of powers, rule of law, and judicial independence, drawing parallels with similar reforms in Hungary and Poland. Findings suggest that while the amendment may increase parliamentary oversight and accountability, it simultaneously risks political manipulation and undermines judicial impartiality. Notably, curtailing the Supreme Court’s Suo-Motu powers under Article 184(3), once a vital tool to protect fundamental rights, further complicates the balance between judicial activism and legislative authority. The study concludes that reforms must be guided by principles of merit-based appointments, financial autonomy, and transparent removal mechanisms. Without such safeguards, the 26th Amendment threatens to reverse decade…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 26th Constitutional Amendment
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Independence
  topic: keywords
subject: Separation of Powers
  topic: keywords
subject: Supreme Court of Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Haq Nawaz
creator: Manual Selvaraj Bexci
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Haq Nawaz, Manual Selvaraj Bexci (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 30
ending page: 43
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05204

Effect of Artificial Intelligence Tools Usage on Students' Classroom Performance among Undergraduate Students: An Experimental Study
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools usage and classroom performance have shown a positive relationship in the present time. Despite recent history, AI has an increasing relationship with the classroom performance of students. This experimental study aims to explore the effect of artificial intelligence (AI) tools usage on students’ classroom performance among undergraduate level students in the Health and Physical Education (HPE) program. A sample of 24 first-semester students was selected using a convenience sampling technique. The experimental group received AI instruction tools with the help of ChatGPT, and the control group received traditional pedagogical instruction. Pre- and post-tests, along with MCQs MCQ-based questionnaire, were administered to assess performance, knowledge retention, critical thinking, motivation, and engagement of the understudies with the help of AI tools. This pretest-posttest design was employed to evaluate both the frequency of AI tool usage and the comparison of academic performance before and after a two-week AI-integrated instructional intervention. The study used quantitative measures and applied descriptive statistical tests, paired sample t-tests to determine significance. Result analysis has shown a significant improvement in both groups, by favoring the experimental group in terms of classroom performance and knowledge retention. Results indicated a notable improvement in both AI tool usage, student performance and comparison of academic performance, suggesting a positive impact of AI-based educational technologies. However, the study’s time series experimental design, short follow-up period and limited time represent limitations. To make research better, the effect of AI tools usage is related to long-term experimentation and exploring how different demographics can benefit from these interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Experimental study
  topic: keywords
creator: Liaqat Ali
creator: Aleena Chaudhry
creator: Saeeda Samin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Liaqat Ali, Aleena Chaudhry, Saeeda Samin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 29
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05203

Fiscal Policy and Stock Returns: A Cointegration Analysis
type: item
description: The role of government intervention through fiscal policy is central to the functioning and development of an economy, particularly in influencing financial markets. This study examines the long-run and short-run relationship between fiscal policy instruments and stock market performance in Pakistan using annual time-series data from 1973 to 2008. Stock returns are analyzed in relation to key fiscal and macroeconomic variables, including government taxes, government expenditure, gross domestic product, inflation, and interest rates. Stationarity of the data is assessed using Augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron unit root tests, while the Johansen and Juselius cointegration approach is employed to investigate long-run relationships. The empirical findings reveal a significant negative relationship between government taxes and stock returns, indicating that higher taxation discourages equity market performance. Interest rates and inflation are also found to negatively affect stock returns. Government expenditure shows a positive but statistically insignificant relationship with stock returns, whereas economic growth, measured by GDP, positively influences stock market performance. The results highlight the importance of fiscal policy in shaping stock market dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fiscal policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Stock returns
  topic: keywords
subject: Cointegration analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Farah Saeed
creator: Baber Amin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Farah Saeed, Baber Amin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 49
ending page: 58
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04206

A Case Study of Knowledge Gap Analysis of Ginners in Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: This study addresses the knowledge gaps among ginners and also seeks to bridge them. Few studies have been undertaken in the ginning sector, especially in Punjab, Pakistan. It is pertinent to indicate that ginning industries are at the central place in the cotton value chain. The cotton ginning sector has suffered in the last few years. Ginning out Turn (GOT) is very low in Pakistan as compared to other countries. The existing ginning technology is obsolete and often results in the deterioration of fiber length during ginning. Improving the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the individuals involved in the cotton ginning sector will not only benefit the industry itself but also strengthen its forward and backward connections through the provision of effective extension services. A random sampling technique was used to determine the sample size. The study included only 50 ginners. An interview schedule was prepared to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS. Results showed that ginners had knowledge gap in assessing quality characteristics of cotton, managing operations involved in ginning process, management of problems, labor management, up gradation of machinery, business competitiveness, quality management, marketing strategies, knowledge of government policies, promotion of institutional linkages, transportation, storage, capacity of losses management, sources of information, packing and acquisition of technical expertise.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ginning
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Value chain
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness level
  topic: keywords
creator: Adeel Ahmad
creator: Chris O. Igodan
creator: Kathy Lechman
creator: Maryam ,
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Adeel Ahmad, Chris O. Igodan, Kathy Lechman, Ms. Maryam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 39
ending page: 48
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04205

Impact of Government Expenditures, Foreign Direct Investment and Budget Deficits on Economic Growth in Pakistan
type: item
description: This research has investigated the impact of trade openness, foreign direct investment, budget deficit, and government consumption expenditures on the economic growth of the Pakistan economy based on data from 1986 to 2024. The research makes an effort that, in the short run, especially during economic downturns, deficits can improve welfare by increasing demand and supporting vulnerable populations. In the long run, however, constant and poorly managed deficits can weaken welfare by debt accumulation, inflation, and reduced investment. The regression results show that trade openness, foreign direct investment, and government final consumption expenditures have enhanced the growth of the Pakistan economy. On the other hand, the budget deficit has negatively affected the economic growth of the economy. The study has recommended that Governments should run deficits during recessions and surpluses during booms. Borrowed funds must be properly utilized for investments, research, and development. Finally, there should be a stable economic and political environment for more trade and to attract foreign direct investment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Government expenditures
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign direct investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Budget deficits
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Qasim
creator: Malik Hamza Arshad
creator: Qazi Hamza Saif
creator: Zainab Mushtaq
creator: Shahbaz Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Qasim, Malik Hamza Arshad, Qazi Hamza Saif, Zainab Mushtaq, Shahbaz Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 33
ending page: 38
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04204

Impact of Climate Change on Physical Health and Health Care System. A Scoping Review
type: item
description: Climate change is an escalating global threat to physical health and the resilience of healthcare systems. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence on both the direct and indirect effects of climate change on physical health, with implications for healthcare infrastructure, service delivery, and workforce capacity. Direct effects include heat-related disorders and cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, while indirect effects encompass vector- and water-borne diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and occupational health hazards. Vulnerable populations—including children, older adults, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups—experience disproportionate impacts, worsening existing health inequities. The review further identifies significant strains on healthcare systems, including infrastructure weaknesses, increased disease burden, supply chain disruptions, workforce shortages, and economic consequences. Adaptation and mitigation strategies such as climate-resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, public awareness initiatives, and policy integration are critical to enhancing system preparedness. Despite increasing recognition of these issues, research gaps—especially in low- and middle-income countries—persist. This review underscores the pressing need for integrated, equity-focused, and interdisciplinary approaches to safeguard physical health and enhance healthcare systems in the face of a changing climate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Health resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Health systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Vulnerability
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptation
  topic: keywords
creator: Wajiha Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Wajiha Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 16
ending page: 32
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04203

Impact of Instructional Medium on University Students’ Learning Challenges and Quality of Learning in Pakistan
type: item
description: The quality of learning among university students in Pakistan is deeply influenced by the medium of instruction and the socio-economic context in which students learn. This study investigates how the use of English and Urdu as instructional medium affects students’ understanding of lectures, learning motivation, and overall academic performance. A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 496 university students selected through convenience sampling. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings reveal that students face significant comprehension difficulties when lectures are delivered in English, especially those from Urdu-medium or low socio-economic backgrounds. Although the medium of instruction showed limited direct correlation with learning quality, it strongly influenced students’ confidence and participation in class. The study concludes that aligning instructional language with students’ linguistic competence can enhance learning outcomes and motivation. It recommends teacher training programs, improved English language support, and inclusive pedagogical strategies to bridge the gap between instructional medium and effective learning quality in higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medium of instruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning quality
  topic: keywords
subject: English language
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education in Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahbaz Ahmad
creator: Syedah Hoor Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Shahbaz Ahmad, Syedah Hoor Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 8
ending page: 15
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04202

Impact of ETTE Training Project on English Language Skills of Secondary School Teachers in Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: The study sought to determine the influence of an ETTE training initiative on the English language abilities of secondary school teachers in Punjab, Pakistan. In Sargodha district, the population consisted only of SSTs/SSEs and their heads. The sample comprised of 204 secondary school teacher trainees and 102 head teachers. The Kirkpatrick model was chosen in conjunction with specialists, and all four levels were employed in this study to highlight all significant aspects of the training. For this reason, two questionnaires, one for teachers and one for heads, were developed using Kirkpatrick's levels and evaluation tools by the British Council, which they utilized to evaluate the ETTE training initiative. The reactions were mostly favorable and encouraging. The outcomes of the learning level results revealed that everyone who participated gained new knowledge and skills through the ETTE training project. Following this instruction, their attitudes improved, and their confidence and commitment levels climbed. According to the poll results, instructors used what they learned in the classroom. Conclusions of level four revealed that where this training initiative was executed or even attempted to be transmitted on the job, it had highly encouraging results. The level of instruction and learning was improved. Instructors and pupils both loved their classes, and rates of dropout were reduced. In a nutshell, all stakeholders may profit significantly from this training initiative, and public institutions can only produce positive outcomes if learners get assistance, reinforcement, and reward, as well as being closely assessed for training transfer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ETTE training
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirkpatrick Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Transfer of training
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Abu Bakr
creator: Riffat-un-Nisa Awan
creator: Shazia Noreen
creator: Mateen Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Abu Bakr, Riffat-un-Nisa Awan, Shazia Noreen, Mateen Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2024.04201

Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Regarding Online Shopping: A Case Study of Faisalabad
type: item
description: The younger generation in underdeveloped countries is starting to shop online to buy and sell things after it worked well in more developed countries. It is also getting better because of new technology. It makes it easier for people to buy things from home by saving them time and energy. This study examined the determinants influencing customer behavior about online purchasing in developing nations such as Pakistan. There are a number of things that can affect how people shop online, such as financial risk, product risk, convenience, the risk of not getting the item, the return policy, damaged items, and the quality of the products. The influence of these and other factors on consumer behavior was evaluated through online shopping. This study utilized random sampling to choose about 230 respondents from Faisalabad, Pakistan's third largest city. A well-organized questionnaire was made to gather information. We used principal component analysis to figure out what characteristics affect how people in Faisalabad shop online. The results indicated that a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value exceeding 0.50 signifies the appropriateness of the sampling for principal component analysis, while the anticipated Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic of 0.720 demonstrates the sufficiency of the factor analysis. We talked about a total of 9 components and 29 constraints of variables that described the main aspects that affected online shopping. But there were three main things that had an effect on online purchasing. The first part was browsing the internet, the second part was convenience, and the third part was saving time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Online shopping
  topic: keywords
subject: Principal component analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Trust
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Rouf
creator: Tahira Sadaf
creator: Abdullah Hammad
creator: Nazia Tabasam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Rouf , Tahira Sadaf, Abdullah Hammad, Nazia Tabasam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-22
publication date: 2025-08-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05201

An Exploration of Verbal-Linguistics Intelligence (VLI) Levels among Undergraduate English Students
type: item
description: English play significant role in every aspect of humans, in studies and practical verbal skills that managed the numerous aspects of daily life. Verbal Linguistic Intelligence (VLI) also matters for English students because it helps students succeed academically, communicate better, and prepare for the future. Understanding or improving VLI can lead to better results and a more rewarding educational experience for English students. This paper explored the Verbal linguistic intelligence (VLI) levels amongst undergraduate English students in the Faculty of English department enrolled in Pakistani universities and gender-based comparison was made. Students of English departments of University of Sargodha were selected conveniently. Data were obtained using a self-report checklist of 10 items based on the Armstrong, (1993) multiple intelligence checklists which was pilot tested and Cronbach alpha value was found 0.89. Findings indicated that majority of students were characterized by the tendency of possessing good Verbal linguistics Intelligence (VLI) but not developed an equal appeal toward all language-oriented tasks. Analysis of VLI scores on gender based showed significant difference between in gender-based comparison. Female students are better than male students in VLI. It was concluded that male students’ needs to receive more encouragement in their striving to have STEAM education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Verbal Linguistics intelligence (VLI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Undergraduate students
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender-based comparison
  topic: keywords
creator: Mateen Iqbal
creator: Usama Munawar
creator: Masood Hussain Shah
creator: Muhammad Abu Bakr
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mateen Iqbal, Usama Munawar, Masood Hussain Shah, Muhammad Abu Bakr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 13
ending page: 21
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05202

Examine the Impact of Energy Cost on the Food Inflation: Fresh Evidence from Pakistan Economy
type: item
description: Food and fuel are essential components of human survival throughout the natural and economic cycles. Inflation and energy costs are major concerns among politicians and academics, particularly the global crude oil price shock after 1970 and the current surge in global oil prices. The growth in energy consumption has a variety of repercussions on the agri-industry, including increased agricultural output and food supply on the one hand, but also increased food prices. The main aim of the study is to investigate the effect of energy cost on food inflation in the case of Pakistan. To achieve the above objectives, this study used the data from 1973 to 2022 in the case of Pakistan, which was collected from World Development Indicators (WDI) and the economic survey of Pakistan, and employed the ARDL technique to estimate the model. This study found that in the long run, the agricultural land, machinery, petrol/oil consumption, and electricity in the agricultural sector, agricultural production, and water availability have a negative effect on food inflation. However, the energy inflation has a positive effect, while the gas consumption in the agricultural sector has no effect on food prices. This study concluded that energy cost has a harmful effect on food inflation. This study recommended that the government should have tight governance, subsidy reforms, farm sector changes, a shift from non-renewable to renewable energy, and a monetary policy free of political interference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy cost
  topic: keywords
subject: Food inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural production
  topic: keywords
subject: Machinery
  topic: keywords
subject: Water availability
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajid Ali
creator: Khalid Mahmood Mughal
creator: Durdana Qaiser Gillani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sajid Ali, Khalid Mahmood Mughal, Durdana Qaiser Gillani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 132
ending page: 145
doi: 10.70843/ijass.2025.05115